Three languages are taught at a high school: French, English and German. We know that:
Choose an incorrect statement:
Správná odpověď je: D
Druhá podmínka jasně vymezuje tři skupiny, ve kterých je stejný počet studentů, tj. 30. Také víme, že každý jazyk se učí právě ve dvou skupinách, to znamená, že každý jazyk se učí 60 studentů. Máme tedy vyřešeno 90 studentů. Zbývá 110 – z nich 50 (jedna čtvrtina z 200) má všechny tři jazyky. Studium pouze jednoho jazyka tedy rozdělujeme mezi zbývajících 60 studentů. Francouzsky se učí 135 studentů. Počet žáků, kteří mají pouze francouzštinu, vypočítáme následovně: 135 – 60 – 50 = 25. Z těchto 60 žáků, kteří se učí jen jeden jazyk, má pak 35 studentů jen angličtinu, nebo jen němčinu.
Pozor, zde se příliš nevyplatí dělat si soustavy rovnic, mohlo by vás to zmást. Pokud byste si označili skupinu dětí, které se učí dva jazyky, např. jako FR + GE, mohlo by vás to navádět k tomu, že si jednotlivé domnělé proměnné (což ve skutečnosti nejsou ty hledané neznámé) budete z tohoto výrazu vyjadřovat. Jenže tohle není aritmetický výraz, ale označení pro jednu skupinu jako FR + GE, a nejde rozložit. Vyšlo by vám pak z rovnic FR + GE = 30, GE + EN = 30, EN + FR = 30 pro každou domnělou „neznámou“ číslo 15 – to však není pravda, každý žák se učí dva jazyky a každý jazyk je tedy v těchto dvoučlenných skupinách vyučován pro 60 studentů (ne 30). Pokud řešíte takové příklady rovnicemi, je lepší zvolit vhodnější názvy pro skupiny studentů (které nemá smysl dělit), např H + I + J = 90, kde H, I, J jsou jednotlivé skupiny dvojic jazyků, a vyhnete se tak podobným chybám.
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